Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1468 Words

Benjamin Disraeliance once said, Characters do not change. Opinions alter, but characters are only developed. This quote exemplifies that viewpoints can always have a sudden shift at any point of time, but a persons moral qualities must be established over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening around her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth†¦show more content†¦A lady’s imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony in a moment (32). Elizabeth denotes that she does not want to dance with Darcy. Elizabeth indicates that she has the least in tention of dancing with Darcy unravels how Elizabeth does what most women would have never done, deny a dance. Additionally, Elizabeth clarifies that she does not move closer to beg for a partner. This proves that she is fine with being alone and not dancing, unlike most women of the 19th Century. She also illustrates how women s minds work around men that appeal to them. By stating how a lady s imagination is very rapid it clarifies that she understands that ladies fantasize about a future that may never occur. Elizabeth discusses three stages of the imagination. She first states admiration meaning once a lady finds a characteristics that pleases them, such as wealth, they instantly go to the second stage which is to fall in love. After being in love for a short time frame, the lady wants to transition to matrimony which is getting married. These three steps occur is a short period of time, which is not what Elizabeth wants to involve herself in. This provides how Elizabeth does no t believe in the common view of love being about wealth, because she feels as if it is not a clear, absolute feeling since it is rushed since she values the true definition of love being, an intense feeling of deep affection. In summary, Austen

Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko Free Essays

In storytelling, monsters are used to express the fears and worries of humans. They allow us to discover our values by questioning our morals through imagination and illusion. In both Donnie Darko and Pan’s Labyrinth illustrating real-life monsters Captain Videl and Jim Cunningham enhances our fear of monsters. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko or any similar topic only for you Order Now These villains symbolize the vulnerability we feel as we identify ourselves with the victims of the attack. We can relate each example of monsters to an evolution of our fears throughout our lives. The fear we have of monsters stems from the idea that our moral imaginations shape the danger inside these beastly beings. As children, our vulnerability came from our fears of losing security. The monsters hiding under our beds taunted us with the threat that we’d be eaten and would never see our parents or that our most valued possession would be taken from us. This juvenile fear is illustrated in Pan’s Labyrinth through Captain Videl. He encompasses the threats we felt as children by being controlling and dominating, as he manipulates Pan and she loses her innocence. As we mature and the limits of our moral boundaries widen, the term â€Å"monster† evolves into something more complex. As we enter into adolescence, and later into adulthood, our fears become something less to do with security and more to do with a threat to our happiness. Our moral imagination evokes fears of defeat and failure, a fear that we formulate in ourselves. As we grow older, we also fear the world and others that we cannot control. In Donnie Darko, Jim Cunningham, embodies our fears of a predator. He is the real-life monster we fear everyday with his complex, dark and twisted secrets. Ultimately, both Donnie Darko and Pan’s Labyrinth effectively embody our illusions of fear from childhood to adulthood. How to cite Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko, Essay examples

Sustainable Development Goals People †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Development Goals People. Answer: Introduction Australia is one of the highest per-capita greenhouse gases producing country in the globe and it has ethical responsibility to diminish the generation levels of CO2. The country suffers from horrible climatic changes causing damage to the environment. This degradation has affected the Great Barrier Reef, which is the home of a huge variety of endangered flora and faunas. All these causes have resulted in the conservation of energy resources by both the Government and non-Government agencies (Griggs 2013). On the other hand, Malaysia with its changes in demography and increase in population and industrial growth is suffering from the change of climatic conditions owing to its depletion of fossil fuel (Rogers, Jalal and Boyd 2012). Malaysia although rich in fossil fuel, they are fast depleting causing an alarming effects on its inhabitants. The Malaysian government is creating frantic efforts to promote and develop the alternate sources of energy. On the context of sustainability of water, it is evident from various reports that Australia belongs to one of the driest nations of the world and suffers from tremendous scarcity of water. This is the reason why Australian government has focused on the conservation of water in the nation. On the other side, Malaysians continues to waste water despite the repeated incidents of water shortages in the country. Malaysian government along with few private sectors and NGOs has come up with suitable approaches to preserve these non-renewable sources of energy. The word sustainability according to the United Nations (the UNs Brundtland Commission coined the word in 1987),is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From the definition, it can be described as the discovery of clean renewable sources of energy that can be regenerated instead of depletion (Dincer and Rosen 2012. The following report emphasizes on the significance of using alternate energy sources and its impact on sustainable development. The report closes with a detailed comparison of utilization of energy resources- renewable and non-renewable of both the nations. The report highlights different approaches taken by the two countries towards sustainable development. Energy Sustainability in Australia Australias renewable energy resource is mainly concerned with attempts to enumerate and developrenewable energy, which consists of electrical energy, transportation fuels and thermal power (Pearce, Barbier and Markandya 2013). In the year 2015, the overall renewable energy utilization in Australia was 346PJ that stands for 5.9% of the total energy consumption of Australia. In the 21st century, renewable energyhas experienced considerable development. During the end of the year December 2015, it was predictable that Australia generated 35,007 gigawatt hours (GWh) of renewable electricity (or equivalent), contributing to 14.6% of the total power generation in Australia (Sachs 2015). The report of 2016 Clean Energy Australia shows a complete yearly picture of the energy sector and the latest key figures of Australia and information on the nationwide energy business (Blewitt 2014). The chief alternative energy sources that comprises to the countrys development are Within the year, 1949 to 1974, the Snowy Mountains Scheme that was erected has a power generating capacity of 3,800MW containing 16 chief dams and 7 major power stations. The plan produces 4,500 GWh electricity on a regular basis per year. Thirty power stations and fifty dams, which has an entire producing capacity of 2,600MW is activated by Hydro Tasmania plant. This company generates 9,000gwh o hydro-electricity every year on an average.In the year 200708, hydro-electricity contributed to 43% of Australias renewable energy generation. However, in the year 2014-15, this generation had gone down to somewhat 39% of renewable energy generation (Bahadori and Nwaoha 2013). In Australia till the month of July 2017, 15 wind energy projects with a collective production power capacity of around 2,112 MW either are under construction, constructed or will initiate construction if it receives economic closure by this year.During the year 2010 in October, Australia's renewable electrical energy of about 22.9%, and 2% of the total electrical energy consumption of the country, was supplied from wind power, which was enough to run more than 700,000 residences. This generation of electricity was supplied by 52 wind farms having 1052 turbines that generated roughly 5000gwh electricity annually. As of October 2010, the completely fixed capacity of the project was 1,880MW (including only projects over 100kW) that has an additional 1,043MW of project under construction. In South Australia, wind poweris becoming a fast-growing business as the nation has apt provisions for constructing wind farms. Accordingly, South Australia produces extra wind power generation than ot her Australian districts or province. During the month of October 2010, South Australia provided an approximate amount of 20% power requirements for its district from 435 that had a capability of 907MW, which is noticeably ahead of Victorias 267turbines generating 428MW, and Western Australias 142turbines producing 202MW. In South Australia by the close of the year 2011, wind power had increased 26% electricity production of the district, for the first time blowing out coal-fired electricity. South Australia with just 7.2% of Australias inhabitants has 54% of the wind power facility of the country.Adesalination plant worth $A2.2 billion in Adelaide supply 50% water requirements of the town and it is fully generated by renewable energy. In the year 2009 the Waubra Wind farm manifested at 192MW close to Ballart, was finished. It contained 128turbines extended over 173km2 and was the largest wind farm in the Southern hemisphere. On the contrary,Lake Bonney Wind Farmwith only 99 turbine s next toMillicent in South Australiawas the biggest with its capacity of 239.5MW. However, the Macarthur Wind farm in 2013 at Macarthur, Victoria broke all these records with its capacity of 420 MW. Solar Photovoltaics Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology produces power from rays of the sun and this is utilized in grid-connected and off-grid applications. In the year 2000, German ecologists and Eurosolar prospered the idea of implementing solar photovoltaics for 100,000 roofs plan. This is when solar photovoltaics as a renewable source of energy became prominent in the world. According to a report in 2016, the best solar market is the commercial sector that ranges from 75-100kW. This market helpedthe solar market to develop to an average size of 5.56kW by the end of the year. Australia being one of the sunniest nations of the world has huge favorable factors for the solar market to develop. Geothermal energy in Australia although a natural resource, not used as a type of energy. Still, the country has some recognized and prospective sites at the core of the nation where geothermal action is obvious. In order to check the presence of high temperature, geothermal wells have been drilled at suitable spots that proved the presence of such high temperature. Consequently, projects are expected to come up in the approaching years and investigation is expected at probable sites. South Australia, which is depicted as Australias hot rock haven for its variety of renewable energy, could offer an expected amount of 6.8% of Australia's bottom cargo control requirements by 2030. Biomass and Bio fuels Biomass in Australiais directly utilized for power generation such as by smoldering sugar cane waste (bagasse) for thermal power production in sugar factories. This is also utilized to manufacture vapor for industrialized utilizations like preparation of food and for heating. Biomass is also transformed into a fluid or gaseous biofuel. In 2015, Australias 26.1% (90.2PJ) of renewable energy utilization was contributed by Bagasse, while wood and wood waste supplied an additional 26.9% (92.9PJ). Biofuels generated from food crops have turn out to be contentious as food charges amplified considerably in the middle of 2008, contributing to an increase alarmed concerningfood vs. fuel. In AustraliaEthanol fuel is manufactured fromcaneor grains and at present there are three business fuel manufacturers of ethanol in Australia, all of which are on the east coast. A 10% restriction on the absorption of mixtures of fuel ethanol has been enforced by the administration. In the year of 2007 March, a joint venture with theQueensland Government and the Cane growers organization was initiated to encourage the use of renewable fuels business. This led to the selling of over 100million litres of the latest BP Unleaded with reusable ethanol to Queensland motorists. Energy Sustainability in Malaysia In Malaysia, the energy policies are determined by the Malaysian government who deals with matters of energy generation, supply, and utilization (Foo 2013). The energy sector which comprises of the companies and services that supplies energy is controlled by The Department of Electricity and Gas Supply. The other divisions of energy sectors include institutions of research and development and consumers. Other than this, the chief energy operators in Malaysia are the Government-linked organizationsPetronasandTenaga Nasional Berhad. The energy policies of Malaysia are aided by Governmental bureaus like Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water,Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga), and the Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia). The government of Malaysia is trying to make biomass as the fifth-fuel resource under the Fuel Diversification Policy of the country in order to improve the sources of renewable energy resources. In the year 2001, a policy was set out with an objective of contribution of renewable energy sources for 5% of power production, which became 500 to 600megawatt(MW) by the end of 2005.Currently in the year 2016; a widespread attempt of onshore wind-mapping projects have been initiated by the Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) of Malaysia. In Malaysia SEDA is a constitutional organization under the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act of 2011. SEDA governs and controls the execution of the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) system that includes a Renewable Energy fund authorized under the Renewable Energy Act of 2011.To maintain the FiT scheme The Renewable Energy fund was formed. At present whether wind power should be incorporated in the FiT regime is determined by the onshore wind m apping systems. (Ahmad and Tahar 2014). Usually, in Malaysia energy generation has revolved around oil and natural gas. Presently Malaysia has production potentiality of 13GW power. As of July 2017, according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga theMalaysian National Gridhas a capacity of producing 19,023 MW power, with a requirement of maximum 13,340 MW. In the year 2007, the country consumed oil of 514 thousand barrels (23.6 million tonnes) daily alongside a consumption of 755 thousand barrels (34.2 million tonnes) each day. Nonetheless, there are merely 33 years of natural gas reserves, and 19 years of oil reserves in Malaysia even when the energy requirement is rising. The Malaysian government as a result of this is increasing the use of renewable energy resources. At present Malaysia produces 16%hydroelectricity, and 84% thermal power production (Lim and Lee 2012).At present the industry of oil and gas in Malaysia is subjugated by state possessedPetronas,and Suruhanjaya Tenaga, a legaislative board administering the peninsular and S abah energy has completely synchronized the energy segment under the Electricity Commission Act of 2001 (Saadatian 2012). Water Sustainability in Australia On Earth, water is fundamental for all existence. Water is a critical reserve underneath the market, culture and environment of Australia. In Australia, several aspects manipulate the safety of water. These aspects are stimulated by expansion of population, environmental deprivation, change and inconsistency of rainfall and climate, use of land, pollution, organizational planning and Australias demands for exports, especially of natural resources and food. Sustainable management of water will necessitate the technical modernization with improved effectiveness on output and enhancement of environmental effects to maintain a balance among trade and industry, ecological and societal concerns. Australias constitution of the Commonwealthassures that policy of natural resource with water is a liability of theStates: "The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of trade or commerce, abridge the right of a State or of the residents therein to the reasonable use of the waters of rivers for conservation or irrigation" (Section 100). In the early 21st century, the government of Commonwealth has acquired a larger responsibility in the water sector of Australia. The water policies at the federal level are directed by theMinistry for Climate Change and Water. In the year 1994, in order to reform the water industry anationalized water scheme undertaken by the government of Australia approved the Water Reform Agenda. In the year 2004, the National Water Commission replaced this and the National Water Initiative (NWI) was implemented. The NWI "aims at increasing the productivity and efficiency of Australias water use and establishing clear pathways to return all water systems rivers and groundwater to environmentally sustainable levels of extraction". Drinking Water Guidelines as part of a National Water Quality Management Strategy was also formed by the administration. State initiatives taken by the local governments comprise Commissions of Water, Protection Agencies of environment and Competition Authorities. Natural Resources and Water Departments and Trade Departments control these sectors. For example, under the Water Act 2000 in Queensland, policy of water is the liability of theWater Commission of Queensland, which is controlled by the Natural Resources Department, Mines and Energy and the Ministry of Trade. Other water management project includes wastewater reuse and rainwater harvesting. Water Sustainability in Malaysia Water supply in Malaysia is characterized by several achievements and some challenges. Malaysian government has approved a nationalized vision for water to guarantee uninterrupted water supply in terms of capacity and superiority to bring together all requirements, along with the environment. In the sustainable nationalized development plan this vision is one of the chief programs. The policy is a guide to recognize the vision are devised, accepted and distributed for all stakeholders, so that one and all preserve the water resources and their ecosystems. The central government implements the national policy of water, while the policy is approved by the state governments (Zailani 2012). Incorporated land and water resources management founded on the basins of river and the fortification of watersheds and aquifers is covered by the policy. Interstate transfers of water, water distribution to users, supervising of dams and its protection, and progression of activities in watersheds, as well as the dam reservoirs vicinity are channelized by this policy. The state governments accept and assist the contemporary rules that are executed for the national policy of water. Australia is ranked 20th in the world on progress towards the sustainable development program whereas Malaysia is ranked 63rd. Australia although has some highest rate of carbon emissions it has developed its alternate sources of energy consumption. On the other hand, Malaysia, which is a developing nation, still succumbs from some serious sustainable development programs. Australia as a result of this is much ahead of Malaysia in the sustainable development program. While Australia has alternatives energy resources like hydro electricity and bio fuels, Malaysia still depends on limited alternatives like water and gas supplies. Conclusion Therefore, the above report ends by drawing a line of comparison between Australia and Malaysias sustainable development programs. The alternate uses of energies in both the countries are efficient to support the countries growing demand for power generation. Australia being technologically ahead of Malaysia manages the sustainable development more effectively than Malaysia. Besides, the Australian government as well as the citizens of the nation is working together to develop a sustainable resource program for the country. However, both the countries must develop more sustainable use of energy resources to protect the non-renewable resources of the country. References Ahmad, S. and Tahar, R.M., 2014. Selection of renewable energy sources for sustainable development of electricity generation system using analytic hierarchy process: A case of Malaysia.Renewable energy,63, pp.458-466. Bahadori, A. and Nwaoha, C., 2013. A review on solar energy utilisation in Australia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,18, pp.1-5. Blewitt, J., 2014.Understanding sustainable development. Routledge. Dincer, I. and Rosen, M.A., 2012.Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development. Newnes. Foo, K.Y., 2013. A vision on the role of environmental higher education contributing to the sustainable development in Malaysia.Journal of Cleaner Production,61, pp.6-12. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N. and Noble, I., 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature,495(7441), pp.305-307. Lim, S. and Lee, K.T., 2012. Implementation of biofuels in Malaysian transportation sector towards sustainable development: A case study of international cooperation between Malaysia and Japan.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(4), pp.1790-1800. Pearce, D., Barbier, E. and Markandya, A., 2013.Sustainable development: economics and environment in the Third World. Routledge. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A., 2012.An introduction to sustainable development. Earthscan. Saadatian, O., Haw, L.C., Mat, S.B. and Sopian, K., 2012. Perspective of sustainable development in Malaysia.International Journal of Energy and Environment,2(6), pp.260-267. Sachs, J.D., 2015.The age of sustainable development. Columbia University Press. Zailani, S., Jeyaraman, K., Vengadasan, G. and Premkumar, R., 2012. Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) in Malaysia: A survey.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.330-340.

Wrestling History Essays - Sports Rules And Regulations,

Wrestling History The forms of wrestling we know today as Greco-Roman, Folkstyle, and Freestyle found their origins in the lands on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. These lands are where the Ancient Greeks resided, and developed the art of wrestling. The Greeks influenced the styles and skills of wrestling of today. "The sport of wrestling has been highly developed for over five thousand years, and it is believed to have begun part of the soldiers training," The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling stated. Proof of this lie on the walls of the tomb in Beni Hasan in the form of pictures. These pictures are about five thousand years old and show holds from both the standing positions and the ground positions. From that time to the present wrestling turned from military skill to a sport skill. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-2) During this time wrestling was also developed in other cultures, like that of ancient Greeks. Wrestling to the Greeks was not only part of the soldier's training, but was also a part of everyday life. Youth did not only learn grammar, art of speech, and mathematics, but young men also went through physical training, which consist of dancing and the art of wrestling. The Greeks saw wrestling as a development of grace and an activity that demands a high skill and physical fitness. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-3) Greek literature points out this skill of wrestling was used by gods and kings, as well as by soldiers and private citizens, in their efforts to overcome evil and brute force. Most of the heroes of Greek mythology were considered skillful wrestlers. Their view of skill most likely led to its introduction as a major sport in the Olympic Games in the year 704 B.C. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-4) Wrestling was a major sport in most Greek festivals, including the Olympic Games. In these festivals sports other than wrestling, such as foot races, chariot-races, throwing of the discos and javelin, and boxing, were also included. These events with variations and additions made up the program of the athletic festivals of Greece through the whole history. The events of the Olympic Games survived even through the rise and the fall of the Roman Empire. "With the conquering of the Greece by the Romans, the Greek form of wrestling began to lose popularity, since, the Romans didn't have the same sense of grace and skill," stated The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling. The Romans were also not interested in brute strength and violence. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-5) One last thing that brought the decline of Greek wrestling, is the participation of many more countries in the Olympics. This was due to The Romans allowing other countries in the Olympics. The Greek spectators became tired of seeing their local wrestling heroes being defeated by competitors from the East. The success of the Asian wrestlers and others help along the decline of Greek Wrestling. (The Ancient Greeks and The sport of Wrestling,7-5) Wrestling technique has changed very little, and many of the modern holds were derived from the sport as it was practiced in ancient Egypt, in 704, included wrestling. "Evidence that matches were increasingly being fixed and competitors rigged, however, cut short popularity of the sport, and it lay dormant for hundreds of years," stated the Concise Encyclopedia of Sports. (Concise Encyclopedia of Sports, 7-3) During the 19th century, Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling regained popular interest. Circuses and carnivals in the United States sponsored wrestling matches, and this activity led directly to the revival of wrestling. William Muldon was declared the first American Champion. Following World War I, fixed professional wrestling matches threatened to discredit wrestling, but the Federation International des Luttes Amateur founded in 1921, saved the sport. This governing body codified rules, set standards, and organized competitions for all amateur 7 freestyle and 6 Greco-Roman weight divisions, an increase from only having one weight division in the 1904 Olympics. (Concise Encyclopedia of Sports, 7-3) In the Olympic and international completions wrestlers compete against others approximately the same weight. Ten weight classifications exist from 15.8 pounds too more than 220.4 pounds. Competitors must wear tight-fitting one-piece singlets. The wrestling mat is a raised platform, 6-8 meters square. A match is scheduled for three rounds, each period lasting three minutes, with 1-minute rest periods between them. Matches are won either by pinning an opponent's shoulders to the mat and holding them for one second or by accumulating

Feminism in Ireland Essays

Feminism in Ireland Essays Feminism in Ireland Paper Feminism in Ireland Paper It is often said now, that Ireland is a modern European state. Men and women are legally equal; through European equality legislation this must be the case. However, Irelands history has had quite a bleak story to tell about women. In this essay, that history will be traced. The struggle women undertook in order to be allowed to vote, the female war for independence alongside the more publicised male effort and the constitutional frailties that still exist will all be described in the essay. The contemporary womens movement will also be discussed, taking in issues such as contraception, divorce, abortion and working rights, which preoccupied women in post-revolutionary Ireland. These problems, although prominent in all Western countries at the time, had particular relevance for Irish women and in many cases were far harder to overcome. Although the modern state Ireland is now has equality on the face, women still struggle in daily life with issues such as the male domination of many industries, the persistence of sexual stereotyping and the lack of progress on matters such as abortion and child care. This essay attempts to describe the development of the feminist movement in Ireland and discuss the peculiarities of the movement as opposed to those in other states, taking into account the Church, the nationalist movement and the male-dominated governments. Women in early Irish society had many of the rights that feminists have fought for in the twentieth and twenty first centuries. The original patriarchal law evolved and changed, so that women held an equal role to men in many ways. (MacCurtain and i Corri : in 1978; 1) The adoption of Christianity in Ireland had little impact on this Brehon Law, and the two existed side by side. However, on the Norman invasion, the Irish customs became diluted with those of the English, and the subsequent imposition of English law on Ireland in the seventeenth century (ibid; 11), Irish women lost their equal status. As the Church in Rome gained power and became less liberal, Christianity, combined with English law, became the dominant force in Ireland. As a result, according to Donnacha i Corri in in his essay Women in Early Irish Society (ibid), in its attitude to women and their place in society as in its attitude to many other matters modern Ireland enjoys no continuity with its Gaelic past. In the 1800s, the womens movement began in Ireland, as it did all over Western Europe. Irish feminism was naturally associated with British feminism, as both groups were looking for reforms from the same centre Westminster. Before 1900, the feminists focused on issues such as:attaining equal educational rights for girls, legal protection for married women regarding property and children, and a broadening of employment opportunities for single women. Political equality and more particularly, the parliamentary vote for women remained an ideal for most activists. (Cullen Owens 2001; 9) Successes in these areas were brought about in the 1870s and 1880s in acts such as the Intermediate Act, opening higher education to girls (MacCurtain and i Corri in 1978; 47), and a series of Acts between 1970 and 1882 which gave property ownership rights to married women. The middle- and upper-class women who supported the movement at the time seemed to win both educational and legal equality; it was political equality that was yet to be won. (Cullen Owens 2001; 9) In the 1900s, this issue came to the forefront and the womens suffrage movement reached prominence. When it came to this political equality, Irish suffragettes faced some extra problems the British ones did not have to deal with. Only one issue mattered to Irish politicians in the first two decades of the new century: Irelands domination by Britain and whether or not to fight for independence. (Smyth 1993; 20) Women had difficulty in deciding whether they should fight within their party (home rule or unionist) so that votes for women would be included in a subsequent constitution or fight for their party so that they would be repaid with the vote. Women tried both these approaches. More again tried another, refusing to support any particular side, fighting solely for suffrage. (ibid; 22) These women, with the first group, were soundly criticised by nationalists for seeking the vote from an alien government while some Home Rule Supporters were afraid of jeopardising the passage of such a bill. (Cullen Owens 2001; 13)

A Study Of A Caucasian Preschool Student

however, they spell Cherokee as Tsalagi. Tsalagi was an Iroquoian language invented by a Native American Scholar. Moreover, a scholar named Lizette Peter published a scholarly journal article called â€Å"Our Beloved Cherokee: A Naturalistic Study of Cherokee Preschool Language Immersion.† In this article, she mentioned how and why the Cherokee language speakers have decreased over the years. â€Å"Since sustained contact with the British in about 1700, Cherokee people have struggled with social, political†¦ dieting to technology to study habits. The following literature review will take a look at four surveys that were taken place on college campuses to see what is needed to properly collect data. In spring of 2009 between April and May, The Project Information Literary team decided put out a survey to further understand the usage of Wikipedia among college students and here is how they did it. First they had to create the question on the survey. They did this by creating an 11 student focus groups across†¦ David S. Kreiner. â€Å"Student Perceptions of Study Time.† Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 19.1 (2014). Google Scholar. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. The first part of the research focuses on the difference between perceived study time and actual study time as well as how this affects students’ progress. A few interesting hypotheses were brought up in the research. Basically, they state that students overestimate the time needed to complete arbitrary academic tasks and that students, who practice time†¦ read to your child. What are your personal biases? (if you feel uncomfortable mentioning a few, just let me know by stating that) †¢ I would say before reading this book that I had similar biases that were stated in the book. That young non-Caucasian students struggle greatly in school. This book helped me realize and see how important my teaching and other teachers teaching really is! †¢ Last year, when I got stuck in Freshman Seminar as a 24-year old and already college graduate, I definitely†¦ Data This research study takes place in a private preschool that is located in the middle of a semi-rural area. The town that the preschool resides is home to less than three thousand residents (By Type, 2016). In the county the school is placed in, there are just under three-hundred thousand residents (By Type, 2016). Of all whom reside in the county, there are over one-hundred thousand unemployed persons, and less than twelve-hundred students are enrolled in a private preschool (By Type, 2016). The†¦ are two different groups of participants in the study who were chosen for the study arbitrarily. The goal of the study was to find the best way to help students learn better. The researcher chose to use quizzes that were given on a weekly basis. Since the quizzes are only a very small part of the students ' final grade, it is more logical to conclude that the investigator would use the exams that were given to the students as a better measure of student learning than their marks on the weekly quizzes†¦ As an international student study abroad, everyone will face lots of challenges when we came to the United States. We should overcome the language problem, loneliness, suit for the local food and etc. Now I have been the United States near two years, and I am going to give some suggestions for freshman to solve these challenges. The language challenge is the most common problem, it include daily talking and academic language. It was really hard for me when I arrived the United States, I cannot†¦ of the Social Studies class. This will be done by a more creative, pro-active, attentive, participating matter. Teacher should be able to observe the difference of students participating, successfully identifying amendments within the first 10 and comparing/contrast each. They will assist making sure students is on task, and actively socializing among peers. This is called terminal performance objective. Basically is describing what the target goals and intentions of what students have learned toward†¦ How Should Students Study? Learning is a challenging process and learning habits have always been an intriguing topic for researchers, but this topic is the greatest concern to us, the students. Students learn a variety of things in a limited time, and they would benefit from the so-called learning strategies. It appears that how information is presented not only changes what we have learned but also affects how well we have acquired it. Thus, I am going to talk about two learning strategies – the†¦ Measurement of this performance will be ascertained by separating students into two diverse classrooms. This study will examine the effects of child-directed play, teacher-directed play, and strenuous physical activity on the achievement of preschool students. For the first test, Classroom A will remain as a control group and receive a standard lesson with no activity. Classroom B will receive this same lesson after a period of child-directed play. A second lesson will be taught, but the control†¦

Competitive advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competitive advantage - Essay Example If the workers end up producing products that are below quality expectations, then their pays are reduced accordingly. This helps to promote a sense of owning the company’s operations and workers are given a datum to define how their roles affect the company’s outcomes. While Nucor does promote ownership and a greater sense of responsibility but all individuals might not eye the situation on the same footing. Some workers may be disappointed when they discover the blunt side of Nucor’s policy and may rush to other jobs where a fixed salary structure is available. Moreover, certain people in Nucor’s work environment may cause problems for others in an attempt to be more productive. Problems may include workplace politicisation, espionage etc. though this is a remote possibility. Primarily Nucor relies on an innovative payment package for the baseline workers as an incentive. Workers are paid by the hour for fixed salary plus bonuses. Moreover, the company shares its profits with these workers too. This makes Nucor one of the best paymasters in the market. There are no unions at Nucor although Nucor does not discourage unions. Similarly, Nucor has placed the names of its workers in its financial report in order to recognise their services. The pays for workers and executives is nearly the same as the workers can earn a lot while the executives are not paid excessively. Moreover, the executives are not given any benefits or perks just like the workers. This helps to promote equality which serves as an incentive too. Nucor should not try to hire temporary, part time or virtual workers to get their job done. The biggest power that Nucor has over its employees is their sense of ownership of the entire process at Nucor. This applies equally well to both workers and executives alike. The associations formed with the company have helped Nucor grow over the years. Expecting temporarily placed workers to do the same is unrealistic. Using

Domestic Dogs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Domestic Dogs - Essay Example Domestic dog is morphologically distinct from all other canids except its close relatives, the wolf-like canids. The earliest burial remains of a domestic dog are 14,000 years old and were found in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Despite their many shapes and sizes all domestic dogs, from Newfoundlands to pugs, are members of the same species-Canis familiaris. Although they have domestic temperaments, these dogs are related to wolves, foxes, and jackals. Many of the behavior traits and body movements or positioning can be applied universally to all canids for example ear positioning, tail positioning, raised hackles, etc. There is considerable similarity between dogs and wild canid species; many wolf-like canids cannot be distinguished from domestic dogs of equivalent size. However, all dogs are consistently separated from fox-sized, wild canids by subtle but evolutionarily significant differences in olecranon, metapodial, and scapula morphology. Second, in domestic dogs the pattern of sta tic allometry is nearly identical to that of ontogenetic allometry. This finding can be attributed to simple heterochronic alterations of postnatal growth rates. Talking about wolves, they have a fairly sophisticated communication system--in both body language and verbal language. They use their whole bodies when communicating. North American Wolves are extremely social animals and live in groups called packs. The packs can vary in size, usually according to the abundance or dearth of prey. For example, the wolf packs of Alaska's Denali National Park preying primarily on moose can number into the twenties; but in Minnesota, wolf packs typically number under ten. In some packs, there is one male or female wolf called the "omega". This wolf lives on the fringes of the wolf society and is usually the last to eat, sometimes going without if food is scarce. The link between the Domestic Dog and the Wolf is therefore a matter of scientific classification in Zoology. Interestingly the recl assification of the dog in 1993 meant the inclusion of Lupus to the scientific classification and therefore signifying the link between the dog and the wolf. Domestic Dogs share many of their characteristics with their wild relatives. Pack animals eat meat. Dogs too are able to eat raw meat if given to them and it's called the raw diet, territory issues marking their scent, communicating using physicality, play fighting etc. Essential difference between Domestic Dogs and their wild relatives is that of genetic information. Some other trivial differences are that dogs tend to howl less and bark more. Dogs are also domesticated as they are friendly towards people. A domestic dog when subject to wild environment will get acclimated and become wolf-like. As far as physicality is concerned, some of the attributes are tail & ear carriage, vocal communication - barking, howling, hunting, pack mentality & hierarchy, mating & litter rearing. Dogs were probably the first tame animals. They ha ve accompanied humans for some 10,000 years. During this time we have, in some respects, genetically engineered (by selective breeding) so that they can become useful as working dogs. For Example the Bernese mountain dog was bred for draft work, the Boxer for bear fighting and the Mastiff as a war dog. Apart for the

Strategic planning Essay Example for Free

Strategic planning Essay 1. What is the difference between strategic planning and tactical planning? Strategic planning is the process of determining an organizations primary objectives and finding and implementing steps that will achieve the objectives. Tactical planning is setting short-term actions that are needed to compete larger strategies. 2. what is the difference between a business plan and a marketing plan? Business plan is a detailed plan setting out the objectives of a business, the strategy and tactics planned to achieve them, and the expected profits, usually over a period of three to ten years. Marketing plan is a strategic plan at the functional level that provides a firm’s marketing group with direction. The strategy for implementing the components of marketing; creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging value. 3. what is the purpose of a marketing plan? It is a road map that improves the firm’s understanding of its competitive situation. It helps the firm allocate resources and divvy up the tasks that employees need to do for the company to meet its objectives. 4. what are the two elements of every marketing strategy? 1)product strategy-product development strategy – creating new products or services for existing markets. 2)market strategy-market penetration strategy – selling more of existing products and services to existing customers. 5. how would you describe first-mover strategy? A market innovator, not a follower – Corporate level strategy theorizing that being the first organization to offer a product in the marketplace will be the long-term market leader. 6. what are the advantages and disadvantages of being a first mover? Three advantages of being first: technology leadership, control of resources, and buyer switching costs. The disadvantages: later entrants can overcome advantages, must heavily entice customers to try new type of product ( high education expense), some first movers may become complacent with changing customers needs. 7. how would describe second-mover strategy? Corporate level strategy theorizing that closely observing the innovations of the first movers, and then improving on them can help an organization gain advantage in marketplace. 8. what are the advantages and disadvantages of being a second mover? Advantages: ability to observe competitors’ successes and failures. Lower risk in product development and less controversy. Revising rather than creating and competitor surprise, and stealing market share rather than creating it. Disadvantages: persuading customers to â€Å"switch,† communicating your value add.

The Dark Side of Sylvia Plaths Poetry :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Dark Side of Sylvia Plath's Poetry      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bell jar- (bà ªl jà ¤r) n. a cylindrical glass vessel with a rounded top and an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   open base, used to protect and display fragile objects or to establish a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vacuum or a controlled atmosphere in scientific experiments (mish 105).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   instead of starting with plath's poetry I decided to start off with her only novel, the bel jar. "the bell jar is a novel about the events of sylvia plath's twentieth year; about how she tried to die, and how they stuck her together with glue. it is a fine novel, as bitter and remorseless as her last poems--the kind of book salinger's franny might have written about herself ten years later, if she had spent those ten years in hell" (scholes). i want to explain the imagery in the title of plath's autobiography. i stated the definition earlier. a bell jar is basically like a regular jar that has been turned upside down. it is glass and transparent. unlike a jar, a bell jar is often used to display something fragile. in her novel, plath was fragile and her bell jar was her environment. in her novel she spent five weeks in a mental institution. there, she was on display to many counselors, nurses, physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists. they watched Pplath regain s tability from the day of her arrival to the day of her dismissal. also, "controlled atmosphere" can be seen as the environment of the institute.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   now on to the poetry of sylvia plath. just a little note... before i read her work i thought poetry sucked. anyway, in the poem "lady lazarus" plath speaks of her own suicide and she even takes some pride in her knowledge of death. in a reading prepared for bbc radio, plath introduced this poem: "the speaker is a woman who has the great and terrible gift of being reborn. the only trouble is, she has to die first. she is the phoenix, the libertarian spirit, what you will. she is also just a good, plain, very resourceful woman" (Plath 294).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i have done it again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   one year in every ten   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i manage it--      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a sort of walking miracle, my skin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bright as a Nazi lampshade,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   my right foot      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a paperweight, The Dark Side of Sylvia Plath's Poetry :: Biography Biographies Essays The Dark Side of Sylvia Plath's Poetry      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bell jar- (bà ªl jà ¤r) n. a cylindrical glass vessel with a rounded top and an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   open base, used to protect and display fragile objects or to establish a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vacuum or a controlled atmosphere in scientific experiments (mish 105).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   instead of starting with plath's poetry I decided to start off with her only novel, the bel jar. "the bell jar is a novel about the events of sylvia plath's twentieth year; about how she tried to die, and how they stuck her together with glue. it is a fine novel, as bitter and remorseless as her last poems--the kind of book salinger's franny might have written about herself ten years later, if she had spent those ten years in hell" (scholes). i want to explain the imagery in the title of plath's autobiography. i stated the definition earlier. a bell jar is basically like a regular jar that has been turned upside down. it is glass and transparent. unlike a jar, a bell jar is often used to display something fragile. in her novel, plath was fragile and her bell jar was her environment. in her novel she spent five weeks in a mental institution. there, she was on display to many counselors, nurses, physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists. they watched Pplath regain s tability from the day of her arrival to the day of her dismissal. also, "controlled atmosphere" can be seen as the environment of the institute.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   now on to the poetry of sylvia plath. just a little note... before i read her work i thought poetry sucked. anyway, in the poem "lady lazarus" plath speaks of her own suicide and she even takes some pride in her knowledge of death. in a reading prepared for bbc radio, plath introduced this poem: "the speaker is a woman who has the great and terrible gift of being reborn. the only trouble is, she has to die first. she is the phoenix, the libertarian spirit, what you will. she is also just a good, plain, very resourceful woman" (Plath 294).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i have done it again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   one year in every ten   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i manage it--      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a sort of walking miracle, my skin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bright as a Nazi lampshade,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   my right foot      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a paperweight,

Effectiveness Ultrasound Tens Osteoarthritis Knee Health And Social Care Essay

Knee degenerative arthritis is perceived as the most common and unsafe degenerative arthritis. Besides, this is referred to as the most common cause of disablement in the United States of America, ( Eustice 2008 ) . Knee degenerative arthritis is a state of affairs consequential from weakening of articular gristle. Articular gristle is the soft coating whose intent is to cover the terminal of the leg castanetss where they convene underneath the articular gristle called Subchondral bone. Research has identified that articular gristle deteriorates due to a figure of factors including but non limited to ; old articulatio genus hurt, insistent strain on the articulatio genus, breaks, ligament tear, and muscular hurt which can impact alliance and promote wear and tear. Geneticss which make some people more likely to develop articulatio genus degenerative arthritis and jobs with subchondral borne or the bone bed underneath gristle. Research besides unfolds that of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis develops bit by bit and its symptoms include ; hurting which is moderate, mild or terrible, stiffness, limited scope of gesture in the articulatio genus and localised puffiness. Most research findings indicate that articulatio genus degenerative arthritis can non be cured but that there are interventions available which can be applied to pull off cut down the symptoms. These reportedly include ; medicines with Datril, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgetic medicines availed to those who need strong stronger hurting alleviation. Scientists use X raies to name knee OA is said to be the lone particular trial required in most instances. Trans-ceutaneous nervus stimulation or curative ultrasound ( US ) has been discovered to be so reactive in advancing effectivity of exercising on hurting, map, musculus strength and quality of life for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. Research by pupils in United States of America unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising ; their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising ; Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial ; lequesne index, WOMAC shops ; isokinetic musculus proving. After this, in all intervention groups, physical modes were reportedly carried out for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan. FOCUSED CLINICAL Question: Does trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation or curative or extremist sound addition the effectivity of exercising for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis? SUMMARY OF SEARCH: ‘Best Evidence ‘ appraised, and Key Findingss: Two articles were selected to supply best grounds about the subject. The first article is by Vladimir ( 2010 ) and it describes TENS as one of the most normally used electro analgesia and that 100s of clinical studies exist refering the usage of TENS for assorted types of conditions including that of Osteoarthritis. However, the really article unfolds failings involved in utilizing TENS and these include: It should non be used in patients with a pacesetter particularly of the demand type. Should non be used during gestation because it may bring on premature labour TENS is non applicable to carotid fistulas due to hazards of acute hypotension through a vasovagal physiological reaction. It should non be placed over anterior cervix because laryngospasm due to laryngeal musculus contraction may happen The electrodes should non be placed in an country of centripetal damage like in instances of nervus lesions, neuropathies ) where possibility of Burnss exist and TENS unit should be used carefully in patients with spinal cord stimulator or an intrathecal pump The 2nd article was extracted from plants of Brims ( 2009 ) who identified that much as TENS is good in alleviating hurting, it has some inauspicious effects among which are a possibility to go addicted in that it, a patient will hold to make more of the TENS in order to acquire to the same status. As an observation made, it has been identified that TENS is one and in fact the extremely recommended no medicative hurting alleviating agent of the musculuss non merely of the OA but even in the back hurting. At the same clip, it has been identified that TENS has got short approachs which I believe are in most instances ignored by doctors though obvious to them. If the usage of TENS does merely reduces pain but does non end or retard the acceleration of hurting to the extent that the expiration of application of TENS is the recommencement to further hurting, so it would non be recommended. Alternatively, it would be easier to use other agencies like articulatio genus replacing or any other possible options besides TENS and this would enable a patient to acquire alleviation from patronizing TENS and US activities. CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE: All the research findings identified show that articulatio genus degenerative arthritis is a strong infection without any agencies of remedy. However research findings merely identify that the status of a patient with Knee degenerative arthritis can merely be improved through usage of assorted drugs including but non limited to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among many other drugs and application of trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation. On the same note, Brims ( 2009 ) identifies that taking pain medicine sums to decrease of the hurting but can be habit-forming and will construct up a tolerance in one ‘s system implying that a patient needs to take an increasing sum of the hurting medicine in order to acquire the same consequence. Pain medicine is said to extinguish hurting but is besides said to be impermanent and hence can hold negative long term effects. Cortsone trunkss can be every effectual at relieving the hurting brought approximately by terrible articulatio ge nus degenerative arthritis but it is said to merely be a impermanent hole and that the consequence will decline as conditions wear out. SEARCH STRATEGY: Footings used to steer Search Strategy: aˆ? Ultrasound which is referred to as a process that uses high frequence sound waves to see internal variety meats and produce images of a human organic structure ( Nucleus medical art 2011 ) aˆ? Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation ; aˆ? Knee degenerative arthritis which is a status ensuing from impairment of articular gristle aˆ? The causes of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. These can be traced from the causes of impairment in the articular gristle which include but non limited to old articulatio genus hurts and insistent articulatio genus strivings The effectivity of ultrasound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation in bettering articulatio genus degenerative arthritis as taken from a consideration of a randomized survey by Eyigor s. demoing how the effectivity of exercising for articulatio genus degenerative arthritis can be increased by trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound The difference between bettering articulatio genus degenerative arthritis hurting and bring arounding articulatio genus degenerative arthritis ; Harmonizing to research findings accessed, knee osteoarthritis hurting can be improved but non healed. The gradual procedure that is said to take to knee degenerative arthritis must be perceived as a non idiot able status in that when a simple break develops into articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, there are no opportunities of retrieving from the complication. Table 1: Databases and sites searched Search Footings Limits used Osteoarthritis of the knee-orthogate-improving orthopedic attention Eustice ( 2008 ) Knee degenerative arthritis, what you need to cognize Daniel Sims ( 2009 ) Severe knee osteoarthritis-ways to cut down the hurting Eyig, et Al. ( 2005 ) the best exercising to better conditions of patients with OA Vladimir ( 2010 ) , the significance of TENS and its penetrations Watders ( 2006 ) Immediate reactions in utilizing TENS to a patient INCLUSION and EXCLUSION CRITERIA aˆ? Inclusion: The extent to which trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound can be helpful in bettering the status of a patient with articulatio genus degenerative arthritis compared to other ways of cut downing hurting caused by degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus. Other inclusions were the symptoms of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis which included hurting, swelling and stiffening of the articulatio genus among others. aˆ? Exclusion: The research ne'er considered other options of covering with knee degenerative arthritis like articulatio genus replacing because it would misdirect the research worker in pull outing the information pertaining to the design of the research RESULTS OF SEARCH There are six relevant surveies obtained for this subject: The survey was designed to research whether TENS is so effectual in bettering the articulatio genus degenerative arthritis infection. The survey was a success holding used the findings of Research by pupils in United States of America who unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising ; their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising ; Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial ; lequesne index, WOMAC shops ; isokinetic musculus proving. Following this, in each and every one of the intervention groups, physical modes were allegedly conducted for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdo mads of exercising plan. These findings were compared with findings by other research workers about TENS which had unfavorable judgments unveiling that TENS was non perfect as it hard some inauspicious long-run effects Best Evidence: The undermentioned study/papers were identified as the ‘best ‘ grounds and selected for critical assessment ; Daniel Brims ( 2009 ) , Carol Eustice ( 2008 ) and Traits & A ; Mosey ( 2008 ) . Reasons for choosing these surveies were: All the four were relevant to the research. All the four documents had intimations on the relationship between TENS and Osteoarthritis knee hurting to the extent that one of them ( for Brims ) hard a photographic position of the job that was studied One of the surveies included a instance of patients who were tested with TENS to detect its effectivity and others had information sing the pros and cons of utilizing TENS All the articles were reviewed and recommended for public usage. SUMMARY OF BEST Evidence: Table 3: Description and assessment of: 1. Daniel Sims ( 2009 ) Severe knee Osteoarthritis-Ways to cut down the hurting 2. C. Eustice ( 2008 ) Knee Osteoarthritis What you need to cognize 3. Traits & A ; Mosey ( 2008 ) Effectiveness of TENS and OA. Aim/Objective of the Study/Systematic Review: 1. The purpose of this survey was to happen out whether extremist sound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation can better esteoarthritis articulatio genus hurting 2. The aim was to analyse the research findings about the effectivity of extremist sound and trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation in relation to betterment in degenerative arthritis articulatio genus hurting by different research workers. Study Design ( including scenes and participants ) : The survey design was a success holding used the findings of Research by pupils in United States of America who unfold that 40 five patients with the articulatio genus OA diagnosing were consecutive divided into three random groups. Those in the first group were exposed to trans-cutaneous electrical nervus stimulation with superficial heat and exercising ; their opposite numbers in the 2nd group reportedly received ultrasound with superficial heat and exercising ; Group three acted as controls ( ace heat and exercising ) . Research unfolds that result steps were so included as ocular parallel graduated table, a 20 metre walking trial ; lequesne index, WOMAC shops ; isokinetic musculus testing ; and the short signifier 36. After this, in all intervention groups, physical modes were reportedly carried out for 15 Sessionss. Treatment groups were subjected to six hebdomads of exercising plan. These findings were compared with findings by other research workers about TENS which had unfavo rable judgments unveiling that TENS was non perfect as it hard some inauspicious long-run effects Result MEASURES: 1. When TENS and US are used to better conditions ensuing from Osteoarthritis, a patient improves but does non acquire healed. Harmonizing to some findings accessed, it has been identified that there are long term inauspicious effects alongside the usage of TENS hence TENS was non recognized as a perfect non medicative application towards OA by some writers yet it was recommended by others. 2. The effectivity of TENS was measured from research findings by some pupils which involved three groups of patients upon which TENS was tested and it worked 3. On the other manus, the ineffectualness of TENS was identified holding identified the long-run inauspicious effects alongside it. Consequence: 1. Amidst the surveies the findings accessed, it is difficult to believe that TENS and US can be used to absolutely better hurting of a patient with OA due to the inauspicious effects yet it can non be recommended to reason establishing on the findings that the experiment is good. What is of import nevertheless is to sensitise patients about the pros and cons of utilizing TENS and US so that it becomes their ain enterprises to take on the right place 2. On the other manus, it would be good if the usage of other drugs is promoted AUTHORS ‘ Decision: 1. â€Å" TENS and US can work efficaciously if done addictively but at the same clip it is good to educate the patients about the pros and cons of utilizing TENS and US before their application Critical Appraisal: ( Validity ) 1. Based on the experimnt by Eustice ( 2008 ) Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound are so powerful in bettering the conditions of a patient with OA hurting However harmonizing to Daniel Sims, TENS should be applied sing the side long-run inauspicious effects? INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: Comparing Eusten ‘s and Brims ‘ assertations and findings, the usage of Trans-cutaneous electrical stimulation should be to the right people, in appropriate conditions and establishing on right determinations Execution FOR PRACTICE: The deductions of the surveies and findings indicate that TENS being a powerful no medicative hurting stand-in can be used but the usage of drugs could be the top most precedence.

Can you use CAD, CAE, CAM, CIM, and FMS to manufacture better parts more easily? Essay

CAD, CAE, CAM, CIM, and FMS can be used to manufacture better parts easily in a small-sized production unit. The Use of Computer Integrated machining, CIM, means a completely automated production system, integrated using CAD/CAM software. The Flexible Manufacturing Systems, FMS, can also be integrated with the CIM systems. This means the production of newer products can be very fast. In addition smaller test production runs could be made for custom-made products efficiently. Also the system being almost entirely in software, means the manufacturer can react faster to a change in the environment. These technologies represent a new production approach which will allow the factories to deliver a high variety of products at a low cost and with short production cycle (Masood & Khan 2004) If your final product requires several unique subunits that are all produced with different machinery and in differing lengths of time, what facility layout will you choose and why? In the case where the final product requires several unique subunits that are all produced with different machinery and in differing lengths of time, the facility layout that would best work would be the Manufacturing cell. Here manufacturing facility is divided into production cells, where each cell produces a part family. While the method is not usually used because of the actual small percentage of time spent in actual machining leading to more states of machine being idle, it is perfect for this situation, primarily because of the varied length time. This leads to reduction in set-up times, material handling, tooling and in-process inventory (Henry). The other methods primarily rely on grouping similar processes and applying time-sharing to the machinery, which is not possible in this case due to the different machinery needed for manufacturing. These methods would not reduce any appreciable amount of time in his case. Look up on the Internet `franchising`. Based on your readings, from an operational perspective, why is purchasing a franchise such as Wendy`s or Jiffy Lube an attractive alternative for starting a business? Franchising win hands down when compared with small business. Most of the experts maintain that franchise operations have lower risk of failure, as companies like Wendy’s or Jiffy Lube have proven track records of success. In addition franchisee is give exhaustive training and has continuous support from the parent company. Also the cost input for setting up the business is comparatively lower than starting a business form scratch. Finally there is a huge scope of expansion by developing multiple franchises (FCA 2007) What things could you learn about a company’s culture by observing the layout and design of its production facility? Discuss both goods and services operations. Layout and design of production facility is a very critical task of the production management. Observing a company’s layout and production facility design can tell a lot of things about the company. First of all, it tell about the amount of capital the company has. The quality or the machinery, the newness of the machinery etc. tell about the financial capabilities of the company. In addition the design of the layout tells about the planning and organizational capacity. It reflects things like the factory efficiency, material flow, transparency, quality and costs (MAS 2005) References Masood T, Khan I, â€Å"Productivity Improvement through Computer Integrated Manufacturing in Post WTO Scenario†, 2004, â€Å"http://www. szabist. edu. pk/NCET2004/Docs/ZSession%20II%20Paper%20No%202%20(P%20171-177). pdf â€Å"Advantages of the Franchising System†, FCA, 2007, http://www. franchise. org. au/content/? id=185 â€Å"Manufacturing Management: Factory Layout and Flow†, MAS, 17th October 2005, http://www. mas. dti. gov. uk/pluto-resources/1130407489261. pdf Henry C, â€Å"Facility Design and Layout†, http://www. csupomona. edu/~hco/POM/05FaciltyDesignLayout. ppt#15

Definition and Examples of Binomials in Algebra

Definition and Examples of Binomials in Algebra A polynomial equation with two terms usually joined by a plus or minus sign is called a binomial. Binomials are used in algebra. Polynomials  with one term will be called a monomial and could look like 7x. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial; it could look like 3x 9. It is easy to remember binomials as bi means 2 and a binomial will have 2 terms. A classic example is the following:  3x 4 is a binomial and is also a polynomial,  Ã‚  2a(ab) 2  is also a binomial (a and b are the binomial factors). The above are both binomials. When multiplying binomials, youll come across a term called the FOIL method which is often just the method used to multiply binomials.   For instance,  to find the product of 2 binomials, youll add the products of the First  terms, the Outer terms, the Inner terms, and the Last terms. When youre asked to square a binomial, it simply means to multiply it by itself. The square of a binomial will be a trinomial. The product of two binomials will be a trinomial. Example of Multiplying Binomials (5 4x) x (3 2x)(5 4x)(3 2x) (5)(3) (5)(2x) (4x)(3) (4x)(2i) 15 10x 12x 8(x)2 15 22x 8(-1) 15 22x - 8 (15 - 8) 22x 7 22x Once you begin taking  algebra in school, youll be doing a great many computations that require binomials and polynomials.

Human Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Rights - Research Paper Example orts and medical personals who attended to these patients, the symptoms were largely internal including breathlessness, foaming from the nose and mouth, dizziness, running nose, irritation and constriction of the eye pupils, blurredness, nausea, vomiting, general body weakness and loss of consciousness. These symptoms were consistent with exposure to neurotoxic substances The US assessment confirmed the death of more than 1400 people including many children (The White house, 2013; Syria chemical attack, 2013). Experts believe that this attack by the Syrian government aimed to eradicated opposition forces in the Damascus regions. In its previous attacks using most of its conventional weaponry the regime has been unable to clear the region of the opposition elements and hence has resorted to chemical warfare. The Syrian government has loads of chemicals in stock including sarin, mustard, VX, and munitions to deliver these agents to the target locations. The Syrian military is believed to possess thousands of tons of chemicals and its precursors including huge quantities of sarin along with the required knowledge and expertise on the use of chemical warfare (The White house, 2013; Syria chemical attack, 2013). The final call for carrying out a chemical attack rests with the Syrian President, Bashar al-Azad, who had initiated a similar chemical attack, but on a smaller scale last year in the Damascus region. Further reports have also confirmed that personal from the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC) were involved in the preparation of the chemical weapons before the attack. The chemicals used for the attack were mixed in a nearby region and the regimen employed surface to surface rockets and artilleries to carry out the attack. Within three hours following the attacks, many hospitals in the Damascus region received thousands of people displaying symptoms of neurotoxin exposure. The role of the regimen in the attack was further confirmed through

METHODOLOGY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

METHODOLOGY POLICY - Essay Example Organizations operate with the aim of attaining economic efficiencies. Production is guided by the law of marginal utility and continues until marginal returns equal marginal cost of production. Beyond this point, production is inefficient and organizations stop production. The graph shows an increasing trend in production and therefore explains that marginal utility from production is still lower than unit production cost. Based on the theory, advantage in production cost or higher demand into higher utility could explain the trend. The theory however fails to recognize the role of social utility in production and resource distribution (The State of Working America, 1; Wolf and Reinsick 52- 55). Labor theory of value explains that labor cost is the main driver of commodities’ cost, and therefore indicators of productivity. The graph, based the theory, shows that labor costs have been increasing at a higher rate than median family income. It also demonstrates inequality in labor wages. The theory’s rationale is similar to that of neoclassical theory (The State of Working America 1; Wolf and Reinsick 169). Keynesian theory explains a relationship between productivity and aggregate demand. The graph, based on the theory shows an increase in demand despite lower increase rate in income and therefore suggests increase in number of households towards higher demand and productivity values. Rationale of Keynesian theory is similar to that of neoclassical theory (The State of Working America 1; Wolf and Reinsick 126). Institutionalist methodology focuses on social utility instead of economic efficiency. Based on the approach, the graph demonstrates increasing investments into social utilities while demand driven production could have similar changes to median income. The investments could be from the government and private entities. This is contrary to neoclassical perspective economic efficiency (The State of Working America

Strategy and marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Strategy and marketing - Assignment Example The aluminium process is a part of Al Groups portfolio. Al group al puts Powder Coating on aluminium profiles for building industry. The company develops relationships with the stakeholders over a long time with an informal communication. The Group will be expanding both internationally and locally. Price is the basic element for dictating who will get the contract for powder coating and extruding the profiles. The company usually manages to beat its competition yet recommends competition if it thinks that it cannot manage the workload. So by doing this we have won the trust of our customers. Time is another critical factor in delivering the product according to specs in this industry. Quality is the pride of the company and it is the one and only company in Kuwait that has ‘Qualicoat’ status. Suppliers of the company have regular communications with stock room’s managers. Recently the management has also intervened in processing in order to cut down on the waste. ALUMINIUM POWDER COATING LINE In case of aluminium powder coating the steps that were followed included the customer comparing the price with the competition that Al Group faced and then placing an order either to them or to their competition. After the placement of the order the time was to be analysed for the manufacturing process. After this the powder coat was to be applied and then the specs like cutting of the profiles and the final finishing was to be done that includes the cleaning and the quality control check etc. So if the product passed the quality control test it was shipped within a day otherwise it was reworked. Figure 1 Aluminium Powder Coating Process PROCESS AT AL GROUP ALUMINIUM The old...Total employee commitment can be only possibly be attained after the aspect of fear is driven out from the workplace, which is very important in the case of Al. One fundamental TQM part is focus on process thinking. Process thinking is a procedure that takes inputs from the supp liers and then transforms them into the outputs that are then delivered to the customers. An integrated system needs to be installed. Everyone in the company must understand the mission, guiding principles of quality policies, vision of the company and also the critical processes of the organization. Communication is one very important thing that this company should also keep in mind if it wants to maintain its heights of success. A proper, open and clear communication channel promotes in maintain the high morale of the workers and also keeps them motivated and satisfied all the time. It is strongly recommended that every member of the organisation should be committed towards the process of change. It cannot be referred as the new flavour of the month, but instead of this it should be an exciting life changing process (Zimmerman, Steinmann and Schueler, 1996). Too often enthusiasm of people wanes when they understand that the process of change in an organisation is not possible to occur overnight. People should pledge their support in the objective analysis of their job procedures and functions, and seek innovative and new ways to develop them. If necessary, inspirational speakers must be employed to stimulate and motivate the staff to a new attitude of commitment.

Construction Technology and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Construction Technology and Innovation - Essay Example More of this advancement has been geared too towards the conservation of the environment (FLICHY 2007, pg19). There are various building forms in the UK which are mostly dependent on their respective uses. The various designs of the building forms are done taking into account their occupancy and the use to which they are subjected (FLICHY 2007, pg37). Such forms include; residential buildings mostly permanent houses and/or low-rise buildings constructed with a view to provide housing; Institutional buildings constructed for various institutional purposes (these could include larger engineering buildings, high rise buildings); and Industrial buildings and commercial buildings. The building construction methods should conform to the various standard and codes provided for their regulation. This should undergo careful planning so as to avoid possible wastes and to ensure that they are secure and safe. In addition, the materials used for construction should be carefully evaluated to avoid constructing bulky houses with poor architectural outlooks (AKINTOYE, GOULDING & ZAWDIE 2012, pg36). Most of these materials should be considered to relation to their costs, structural soundness and their availability. As a general rule in most civil and building constructions, the availability of materials would to a large extent dictate the construction materials to be utilized for the constructions. In the UK, the various construction methods available have been utilized with a view of reducing the time for construction and costs. In addition, the construction methods help in improving the quality of buildings produced i.e. relating to the types of finishes required. The in situ construction of buildings has been used for decades and provided the most conventional building procedures (AKINTOYE, GOULDING & ZAWDIE 2012, pg56). Construction is done on

Do Mergers and Acquisitions Fulfil Desired Objective?

Do Mergers and Acquisitions Fulfil Desired Objective? Do Mergers And Acquisitions Fulfil Their Desired Objective? And How People Are Affected By the Result of These Mergers? Dissertation Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Restructuring of a firm has become a major area in the financial and economic environment all over the world. A company may grow internally, or externally. The aim of the management is to maximize the profit. Most firms grow through internally which take place when firm’s existing divisions grow through normal capital budgeting activities.(S.Vanitha 2007) The industrial restructuring has raised important issues both for the business and for public moreover merger and acquisitions may be critical to the strong expansion of business firms as they evolve through successive stages of growth and development and most important for new product markets by a firm may require M and As at some stages in the firm’s development . The successful competition in international markets may depend on capabilities obtained in a timely and competent fashion through M As. (M Selvam 2007) Merger and acquisitions continues to experience dramatic growth. Record breaking mega mergers have become popular in the world. In the last ten years and onwards some of the largest mergers and acquisitions took place in Europe. This was underscore by the fact that the largest deal of all time was a hostile acquisition of a German company by a British firm.(Beena P.L 2000) Since the start of twenty first century the nature of merger and acquisition even more common in the economical growth. It becomes even more global especially in Asia, Latin and South America. Over the past quarter of the century we have noticed that merger waves have become longer and more frequent in between shrunken as well when these trends combined with the fact that MA has rapidly spread across the modern world, we see that the field is increasingly becoming as ever more important part of the worlds of corporate finance and corporate strategy. (Canagavally , R.2000) Merger and acquisitions are plays very important part in corporate strategy. They are the interesting and controversial tools if the firm do not want to grow internally by capital investment and it can affect the shareholders wealth of both the firms (Legare.1998). The management of the target companies is worried about their jobs that can be affected; the cost reduction strategies consists of reduction in labour force (Gould, 1998) the strategies at both local and national levels are important and concerned at transactions in their industries. e.g (defence utilities etc.) Customers and suppliers are interested , as they want to know who they will be dealing with in the future (Buono. 2003). All the big deals are therefore reported in the media, receive a large coverage, and get the attention of the public as well. People are very important part of any organization but due to the increasing numbers of mergers between the companies they are largely affected and most of them get caught up in a merger or acquisition-by chance, Many of the people after working four –to five years period are losing their jobs and facing severe reductions in status and responsibility and, in general, being confronted with major questions about their careers, As a result , at times we are unsure whether our own feelings about what is happening to these individuals are biasing our interpretation of what is going on. In this project the writer going to research on mergers between the professional services firms. According to Steven et al (2000) mergers and acquisitions decisions that are undertaken based on financial analysis, influence and legal positions , However , it has been proved by a number of researchers that factors like informal power, low productivity , poor quality , reduced commitment , hidden costs and voluntary turnover prevent the combined banks from reaching expected performance levels (Legare 1998). This is the reason that many companies face difficulties then they pass through their post-integration processes (Buono 2003) According to Catwright Cary (1995) that mergers and acquisitions should be seen like marriages where both parties will is very important for the success of new entity. At the time two different companies decide to come together as a result of MA activity, then the levels of instability in the macro and micro environment of both companies is challenged. So it is therefore been recommended that companies should chose the most appropriate merger and acquisition process and strategy. However Buono (2003) has suggest that each possibility has its own strengths and weaknesses and therefore context of MS and its main objectives play important role. Cartwright and Cooper has pointed out that MA depends upon combination of related functions like integration of people, systems, practices and culture. The critical review of the literature has recommended that most of research has been focused at studying single characteristics of MA in isolation. Moreover the dynamics of MA variables that impact on success and failures ratio has not been undertaken in the literature and there is a gap for research. This study will be focus to explore the major drivers and variables and their effect on the success of merger and acquisitions across industries from a corporate strategic perspective. 1.2 Rationale behind Research: Mergers and acquisitions is one of the common strategies in today’s business world. Gould (1998) has conducted a survey involving 12000 managers from different countries and according to the result of his survey more then 1000 companies were involved in acquisitions or a merger in two years between 1995 and 1997.moreover merger and acquisitions has become the leading strategic options. However, the performance of the combined companies has been lower than expected. According to Buono (2003) the basic drivers of MA only involved in financial, operational and strategic aims and objectives. So therefore my main area of focus of this research is to explore the major drivers and variables and their effect on the success of merger and acquisitions across industries from a corporate strategic perspective. 1.3 Aims and Objectives: The basic aim of this project is to understand whether mergers and acquisitions always fulfil desired objective. The aims specific areas are as follows. To explore the major variables that impact on the success of merger and acquisition different industries from a corporate strategic perspective To explore the corporate strategy in achieving desired results from MA activities To evaluate the impact of the mergers on an employees and examining the programmes for dealing with separation anxiety for employees. 1.4 Dissertation Structure: The official Structure of the dissertations is being applied which is provided by the university and analysis has been done which suit the theme and the objectives of the research. The structure of this report is summarized as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction of the research topic and lays the basis for the rationale of selection of the theme under scrutiny. It introduces the effect of MA on business and effects that they expected. The chapter also summarizes the rationale for selection of topic and states the aim and objectives of this research. Chapter 2 Consists of review of the literature that has been produced in the domain of mergers and acquisitions and their desired effects for companies. It has highlighted some of the highly respected literature in the field of aims and objectives of this research. Chapter 3 Provide the methodology and strategy adopted by the researcher to undertake this research. It points out the strength and weaknesses of using different data collection mechanisms and has shown how they fit in the larger context of aims and objectives of this research. Chapter 4 very important chapter consists of analysis and findings regarding the importance of strategic alignment within a merger or an acquisition activity with the help of a range of case studies. The chapter developed recommendations for companies under the light of macro indicators, theories and qualitative data gathered through this research. Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive conclusion from this research and gives a list of recommendations for companies that can be drawn from this focused research. Chapter 2: Literature Review In this chapter an attempt has been made to briefly review the research already undertaken and methodology employed moreover the study has been produced in the domain of aims and objective of the project and it has been divided into number of different sections so that reader understand with ease. 2.1 Overview: Concept of Merger and Acquisition: Over the last few years different companies have engaged in domestic and international mergers and acquisitions to match the macroeconomic trends operating on a worldwide scale in the market place. Up till now the ultimate success of a company’s global strategy may depend on how well it manages the dangerous human resource â€Å"fit† issue associated with strategic customer cantered decisions and strategies. The literature presents the understanding and resolving interpersonal management issues that result from organization, team, and individual misalignments. An actual merger and acquisition integration project is used to discuss the application of this approach (Thomas L. Legare in his paper â€Å"Understanding and Managing Human Resource Integration Issue†) M A defined by Arnold (2002) as â€Å"combination of two firms of roughly equal size on roughly equal terms and in which the shareholders remain as joint owners† M A activities in late 20th century: In 1960’s Mergers and acquisitions first became an important topic within the organization management meetings. It is usual to consider merger and acquisition in terms of the extent to which the activities of the acquired organization are related to those of the acquirer. The most common classification proposes four main types (Walter 1985; Hovers, 1973; Kitching ,1967). These being: 1- Vertical The process in which two organizations combined within the same industry. 2- Horizontal The process in which two similar organizations combined within the same industry 3- Conglomerate In this process acquired organization is in completely different field of business activity 4 Concentric In this process the acquired organization is in a different but related field in to which the acquiring company merge its business. According to Schweiger and Ivancevice, 1987 mergers and acquisitions can be considered to differ in terms of Motive and transactional type The envisaged degree of integration Common objectives behind M Activity According to Napier (1989), in a review of the literature, draws the distinction between financial or value maximizing motives, and managerial or non value maximizing motives. Mergers known as financial or value maximizing motives when the main objective is to increase the profit and decrease the risk involved in business moreover non value maximizing motives relate to merges which occur primarily for other strategic reasons ( Halpern, 1983). Moreover according to handy (1993) creation of shareholder’s value is the underlying aim behind any MA activity. However , there is a range of strategies involve to improve financial performances and consequently increase shareholder’s value. According to Marks, (1988b). There is lots of risk involved in activity like Mergers and acquisitions involving the collective annual investment of billions of pounds and affecting the working lives of millions of employees. It has been recommended in future that 50 to 80 percent of all mergers are considered to be financially unsuccessful (Marks 1988b), most probably in financial return, represent ‘at best an each way bet’ (Lorenz, 1986) The popularity of Merger and acquisitions is still strong despite of the fact that it has been frequently fail to achieve the financial growth (Hovers 1973 Farrent 1970; Jemison and Sitkin, 1986). Indeed there is lots of evidence that Britain and the USA are currently experiencing an unprecedented wave of merger activity (Morgan, 1988; Hughes, 1989). In the last 10 years , there have been over 23000 registered acquisitions in the USA , and before the end of this decade one in four of the Us workforce will have been affected by merger activity ( Fulmer, 1986) with the approach of 1992 , a similar trend is predicted for Europe. The Merger and acquisition is facilitated by number of factors. Market Conditions Market conditions are changing day by day and in this environment there is a need to consolidate or capture new market so strategic mergers and acquisitions become more attractive and expedient alternative response to the setting up new outlets, and at the same time provide a tool to finish the competition ( Meeks , 1977) Increasing Availability of Capital Mergers and acquisitions activities has been increased because the organization and financial institution may need of capital from outside countries because of low interest rate. More companies for sale. There are lots of companies come in to the market because of number of reasons like successful entrepreneurs of the post war years reach retirement age , because of families issues and there is not natural successor within the family. The Easing of Regulations. According to McManus Hergert, 1988. Gartrell Yantek suggested that acquisition activity is related to political climate in that right of centre administration stimulate activity. The Need to share Risk Mergers and acquisitions is very important if u need to share risk like new product development often results in the formation of joint ventures , mergers and other types of strategic alliance. The existence of complex Indivisible Problems All of these can be considered to be logical economic and marketing factors, which make possible the decisions to acquire, These conditions , particularly the need to share risk and problems solving, have also contributing to the increasing trend towards the formation of joint ventures and Mergers (Harrigan, 1988) (vii) Unrecognized Psychological Motives According to Levinson (1970) suggests one such motive to be fear of risk McManus and Hergest (1988) suggest that the decisions happens when ‘CEO is bored and wants to find a new game to play’ or to create some excitement amongst senior managers (Hunt, 1988) 2.2 Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions Merger and Acquisitions have the prime aim to maximise the firm’s profit and shareholders wealth like any other strategic growth option, but there has been a risk of failure so the debate in the literature among theorists and practitioners as to the real strength of the strategy in creating shareholder’s value worth the risk of failure. The review literature that surrounds different prospects like shareholders, acquirer , targets has been studied on short , medium and long term value creation through the MA activity . The following different categories of studies can be highlighted. Affect of MA Activities on People The Human Side of Mergers and Acquisitions is about to impact that mergers and acquisitions have on people in the workplace: the psychological difficulties that people experience, the culture clashes that can emerge in organizations that can emerge in organizations during the post –merger integration period, and the ways in which these problems can manifest themselves –such as communication breakdowns a â€Å"We-they† mentality between the component organizations in a merger, lowered commitment , drops in productivity , organizational power struggles and office politicking , and loss of key organizational members. We adopt primarily and organization development (OD) perspective on mergers and acquisitions: given the myriad problems (Thomas L Legare) The Existing evidence on the effects of mergers and acquisitions on efficiency or value comes from two basic types of large sample studies: event studies and performance studies Event studies consider the returns to the shareholders of targets and acquirers in the days before and after an acquisition announcement .These studies consistently find that the combined returns to acquirer and target stockholders are unequivocally positive .These positive returns imply that the market anticipates that acquisitions on average will create value. These studies and reactions do not, however, provide insight into the sources of the value changes in mergers or whether the expectations of value changes are ultimately realized. Furthermore, the combined returns cover a broad range of responses from very positive to very negative. Cross sectional analyses of event period returns provide some evidence that the broad range of combined announcement period returns reflects the market’s ability to forecast an acquisitions success. For example both Mitchell and Lehn (1990) and Kaplan and weisbach (1992) find the there is a relation between (1) acquirer and combined returns and (2) the ultimate outcome of the acquisition. Other studies examine a number of different determinants of the cross-sectional variation in returns associated with acquisitions. (see e.g Lang , Stulz, and Walkling 1991 . Maloney , McCormick , and Mitchell 1993; morock, Shliefer , and Vishny 1990)These Cross-Sectional analyses of event –period returns provide some understanding of the nature of the market reaction to acquisition announcements.They do not , however , examine whether the anticipated value creation or improved productivity materializes, Nor do they have a great deal to say about the organizational mechanisms and manage ment practices that drive acquisition success or failure. Studies of post merger performance attempt to measure the longer-term implications of mergers and acquisitions using both accounting and stock return data. Studies of accounting data fail to find consistent evidence of improved performance or productivity gains. (see e.g, Healy , Palepu, and Ruback 1992 and Ravenscraft and Scherer 1987) similarly , studies that focus on acquirers long term stock performance find mixed results abnormally negative stock returns after the acquisition ( agraqwal , Jaffe, and Mandelker 1992), no abnormal returns (franks , Harris , and Titman 1991) and negative abnormal returns only for stock mergers (Mitchell and Stafford 1996) Like the announcement period event studies, longer term performance and event studies document substantial cross sectional variation in performance , but do not study the sources of value changes in mergers and acquisitions. In sum , there are a number of questions that the existing economics and finance literature on mergers and acquisitions leaves unanswered , Existing work provides mixed results on the average impact of mergers and acquisitions More importantly , existing work offers little insight into the determinants of an acquisitions success or failures. Research on the basis of Capital Market Capital market is one of the research category used as central information point. According to Healey (1992), the stock market data reflects the effects of MA as it reflects future profits and dividends expected by the post integration entity moreover these researchers believe that the result has been found swayed by the researcher’s personal orientation an hypothesis. It is been analyse that majority among studies that have been covered lower then desired effects created through analyses based on capital market data. Event Study Methodology According to data et al (1992) have indicated that these studies are based on the hypothesis that markets across the industrialized world are highly well-organized and therefore soon after the MAn announcement moreover it depends on the future financial benefits or losses. The result of such studies have highlighted the majority of MA activities do create affects that can range from significant to normal (Sudarsanam 2003) but the people working along with the field and many other critics have argued that the methodology is only affective for small projects to obtain the desired affects and does not represent long term desired affects in the medium to long term. Short Run Objectives: A large number of organizations plan for financial gains within a short period of time when the merger date is finalized they are looking to achieve this objective, 30% and 10% abnormal returns have been found for the target shareholders Sudarsanam et al (1996) Long Run Objectives According to Agarwar (1992) the organizations long term desired affect through MA activity that has gained an increasing interests among researchers after the data is available for the last wave of MA in the 1990’s. There has been a mixture of results as- 10% abnormal returns over 5 years MA periods; Fama French (1993) showed positive 9% abnormal returns for the acquired and negative -4% abnormal returns for the acquirer; and sudarsanam Mahate 2003 showed a range of negative -18% to positive+1% abnormal returns in MA situation. Although it has been found out that many of these studies have used different models, benchmarks and organizational data, but there is a general consensus that MA abnormal desired affects in the long term. Operational Planning Research: The best way to analyse the affect of MA activity is to study the operational performance of the firms involved. The operational data consists of accounting data like cash flow and profit and loss statement are used by such studies (Healey 1992) Herman and Lowenstein (1988) used these technique on data gathered during 1975 to 1983 and found that no significant improvements in the performance of post MA entities. Healey et al (1992) found a meagre 3% operational performance among companies analyzed. However the same data was later analyzed under improved methods and found no operational performance. The results show large number of failures in creating substantial desired affects through operational analysis. Recent Merger and Acquisitions trends In the above table shows the recent trends in the field, let us being with our full dissertation of the subject of MA. This will be begin with a discussion of the basic terminology used in the field. 2.3 MAJOR STRATEGIC ISSUES: According to Cartwright and Cooper (1995) in order to get the desired objective during the MA activity the internal environment of firms should be synchronized. It can therefore recommend that integration of people, their systems, procedures, practice and organizational culture is extremely important in order to get the desired objective. Mr David (2007) suggest that the internal aspects of firms that are going to merge can be divided into two core competencies that can help to minimize the factors involved the failure of MA strategies. These core competencies lie in the field of corporate strategy which usually lack coordination during MA activities. The main limiting aspects of MA in terms of strategic importance that can play a vital role by using their core competencies have been highlighted as follows Organizational culture The cultural differences is the single largest cause of lack of proposed performance, achieving the desired target and objective and time consuming issues in the running of successful business ( Bijilsma frankema , 2001) according to him culture plays a important part in employees motivation in the development to new business he says that cultural clash is the most dangerous factors when two companies decide to combine moreover the things like styles , values and missions is the part of factor influencing the MA. According to (Covin et al, 1997) the employees required five to seven years after the merger to feel truly incorporated. Due to the multitude of these changes many problems arises like loss of job, also financial debt and fears of jobless.(Mirvis and Marks 1992) moreover he says that after merger the new team is also distressing and anxiety for the people other fear include the loss of effective and close team members, as well as the uncertainty about the new team members and supervisors to be inherited the employees when forced to deal with new team members and managers they may develop fears of taking risks and raising sensitive subject. This may adopt us verses them thinking, where trust for the new team members will be minimal (Mirvis and Marks, 1992).Management facing this kind of behaviour may have to pay the high price of loss of coordination and initiative among the employees of the new business combination. Moreover the issues and disagreement will be more difficult to resolve, so the time after the merger is the most difficult time for the management and new team members to move forward as a whole. Appelbaum etal, (2000) Stress According to (Datta et al , 1992) the process of merger and acquisitions consists of biggest change at the individual and organizational level in the history of organizations because of this the process is stressful. When one culture combines with another the employees feel as through they have lost control over important aspects of their loves, and in an attempt to regain control, they often withdraw. So it creates stress within individual , i.e reduced performance and job satisfaction . ( Berger and Ofec 1996) According to Schweiger Denisi (1991) the employees after the MA go through a time of increased anxiety uncertainty and stress. They are concerned about their new position it will create more stress in them so communication plays the vital role during the merger so that employees know what is going on and how they might be affected during and after the post integration period. Thus it can be suggested that while negotiations have been compared to flirting before marriages , and the closing of the deals to forming a new family , employees reaction can be associated with â€Å"bereavement† (Katinka , 2004) Organizational change and resistance Changes after merger announcement like stress, symptoms, work related factors, health status, and lifestyle. Personal characteristics were composed of age, sex, height, weight, and marital status in both surveys. Moreover stress related symptoms like anxiety, impatience and depression were dichotomized by either having a complaint or not so following a MA , a complex set of organizational , managerial and personal changes or inevitable. Jensen Rubock (1983) claim that in order to cope with the changes and resist with the changes there is a way to select a strategy and a set of specific approaches for implementing an organizational change effort. It is very important for managers to implement changes successfully in order to cope with the changes. The researchers have introduced six different strategies in order resist the changes after the merger and four major reasons why peoples resist changes. Image, Identity and confidence According to (Ravenscraft and Scherer 1988) image , identity and confidence of the human resource may reduced after the combination process it has been send that most of the employees will feel uncertain and will need some relaxation environment . It can be recommended that the peoples effected by this process can prove dangerous for the management they can change the ownership moreover the employees who are affected by the process tend to protect their identity and confidence through tolerance and humble and hence they try to maintain their status and confidence with experience that they are the part of new entity, if the cultural factor is not adequately taken into account at this stage of the merger , there will be so less time to contain it after the merger. Weston et al (2001) discuss the fear and stress associated with a merger. Schwert (1996) argue that when the objectives after the merger are not met , the managing teams of both companies are the employees of the acquired company enter a â€Å"cycle of escalating and distrust†. In other words, managers of the acquiring company press for increased control, while employees of the acquired company resist and demand their autonomy. Others view mergers and acquisitions as power games , which create some excitement fro bored CEOs. Communication Tompkins (1984) defined organizational communication as â€Å"the study of sending and receiving messages that create and maintain a system of deliberately corresponding activities or forces of two or more persons† Organizational communication is the exchange of messages through collective creation maintenance and transformation of organizational meaning. Members develop commonly understood patterns of expectations of organizational action through communication. Moreover communication with the employees is a very important factor throughout the entire MA process and creates a positive effect on employees through the trying time. According to John et al (1999) that communication plays a vital role in the combination of different and various cultures. The cultures can be at conflicting ends and therefore should be understood by the top management during integration period moreover according to Richard et al (1999) the human resource department should plan for the change in organization and they should know before this process that what going to happen with the company when two cultures combine as the result of merger. So in the process of merger only decision is not enough but the proper communication of these decisions among the company is very important moreover management works horizontally and vertically through leadership, control and organization.(Sudarsanam and Mahate, 2003) FLOW OF CASH Despite of the fact that many people loss their job in the process but the same time high rate of voluntary turnover linked with the process moreover it includes substantial outflow of talent and expertise. According to Ravenscraft and scherer, 1988) report executive turnover rates as high as 75% in the first three years of post acquisition period. Unplanned personnel losses are not necessarily confined to the more senior levels of the organization. Typically, acquired or merged organizations experience on overall rate of staff turnover of at lest 30% in the first two years post merger period (Cartwright and Cooper 1995) 2.4 Success and Failures A large number of mergers and acquisitions are unsuccessful .Over the last fifteen years, 23% of all merged firms worldwide reported lower profits than comparable non-merged firms (Gugler et al.(13)) Daimler Chrysler, the effect of the largest industrial merger ever, for example , has only posted low or negative profits since its birth in 1998-including the biggest loss in German business history in 2001. The disappointing results of mergers have been puzzling commentators and academics alike. In the management literature, poor merger performance has often been connected to unsuccessful addition of different corporate cultures. Cultural differences, however, are not enough to explain failures. First, firms seem to be aware of organisational difficulties when taking merger decisions. DaimlerChrysler, for example, anticipated post –merger Challenges. Second, mergers between partners with closer corporate cultures sometimes perform worse ( Morosini et